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The wavering (dongyo) [5] class is reserved for average North Koreans, whereas the hostile (choktae) [5] class is made of possible subversive elements (e.g. former landowners). [6]
Jul 5, 2016 · This new lower stratum—the hostile class—also contained North Koreans who had enjoyed high status under Japanese rule, from landowners and intellectuals to religious leaders and aristocrats.
Apr 29, 2024 · In North Korea’s stratified society, where the population is divided into three groups—known, in descending order of trust, as the core, the wavering, and hostile classes—Japanese Koreans are considered to be the lowest of the hostile class.
Jun 6, 2012 · Despite the emergence of informal markets since the late 1990s challenging state control, the study says the class system persists and is behind the discrimination and abuses faced by the...
Jun 6, 2012 · PERKS OR HARD LABOR. Collins, a retired Pentagon official, cites academic estimates that 28 percent of North Koreans are classified as loyal, 45 percent as wavering and 27 percent as hostile....
Jun 30, 2016 · This new lower stratum—the hostile class—also contained North Koreans who had enjoyed high status under Japanese rule, from landowners and intellectuals to religious leaders and aristocrats.
Oct 7, 2023 · As Lee writes, they are “the favoured Core Class, the middle Wavering Class, and the lowest Hostile Class (as well as over fifty subclasses).”
