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About 1000 bce
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- This has been dated to about 1000 bce. David’s successor, King Solomon, extended the city and built his Temple on the threshing floor of Araunah (Ornan) the Jebusite. Thus Jerusalem became the place of the royal palace and the sacred site of a monotheistic religion.
www.britannica.com/place/Jerusalem/HistoryJerusalem - Holy City, Ancient History, Conflict | Britannica
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According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the united Kingdom of Israel. [1]
- Overview
- History of Jerusalem
- Ancient origins of the city
- Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods
The earliest surveys and excavations in Jerusalem were conducted in the 19th century, mainly by European Christians such as the French scholars Louis Félicien de Saulcy and Charles Clermont-Ganneau and the Englishman Sir Charles Warren, who were inspired by the wish to identify locations mentioned in the Bible. The Palestine Exploration Fund, founded in 1865, sponsored a number of excavations and topographic surveys. It was not, however, until the excavations of Kathleen Kenyon between 1961 and 1967 that the first modern, scientific archaeological work was conducted in the city.
Since 1968 extensive excavations have been carried out in and around the Old City on behalf of the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology, the Israel Antiquities Authority, and the Israel Exploration Society. The digs around the southern and western walls of the Temple Mount, which have reached the Herodian pavements, have revealed the steps leading to the Temple, the priests’ underground entrance to the Temple, and many religious objects. There are also notable remains of public buildings alongside a main street. Remains found within the precincts of the First Wall in the Jewish quarter bear the imprint of burning and destruction during the sack of the city by the Romans in 70 ce. Religious artifacts from the period of the First Temple have been discovered, and for the first time walls of structures dating to the 8th and 7th centuries bce have been found. One of these has been identified as the “Broad Wall” described by Nehemiah. A crucified body from Roman times, with a nail still lodged in the ankle, was discovered in a Jewish tomb at Givʿat Ha-Mivtar. Extensive excavations in the Citadel uncovered structures of the Hasmonean, Herodian, Crusader, and Mamlūk periods.
Near the Temple Mount inside the walls, notable remains of an Umayyad palace have been found. The excavations since 1978 in the Mount Ophel and City of David area have revealed evidence of settlement dating to the 4th millennium bce as well as of Canaanite and early Hebrew settlements, the latter with a wealth of seals, epigraphic material, and everyday utensils. A most significant discovery was the Roman and Byzantine Cardo, a street running from the vicinity of the Zion Gate through the restored Jewish quarter to its Crusader part and crossing the Old City bazaars. The street has been reconstructed using the ancient pavement, columns, and capitals. The discovery of a Crusader church, hospice, and hospital of the Teutonic Order (12th century) in the Jewish quarter and the huge expanse of wall and towers (from the Crusader and Ayyūbid periods of the 12th and 13th centuries) between the Dung Gate and the Zion Gate made a major contribution to the history of the city.
The flurry of archaeological investigation in Jerusalem has not been without political controversy, however. In 1996 the opening of an archaeological tunnel exit along the Western Wall ignited Muslim fears that the excavations might undermine the Islamic structures on the Temple Mount, and rioting ensued. Likewise, some Jews contended that renovations and excavations on the Temple Mount begun by the Muslim waqf (religious endowment) in the late 1990s might endanger Jewish cultural treasures.
The earliest surveys and excavations in Jerusalem were conducted in the 19th century, mainly by European Christians such as the French scholars Louis Félicien de Saulcy and Charles Clermont-Ganneau and the Englishman Sir Charles Warren, who were inspired by the wish to identify locations mentioned in the Bible. The Palestine Exploration Fund, founded in 1865, sponsored a number of excavations and topographic surveys. It was not, however, until the excavations of Kathleen Kenyon between 1961 and 1967 that the first modern, scientific archaeological work was conducted in the city.
Since 1968 extensive excavations have been carried out in and around the Old City on behalf of the Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology, the Israel Antiquities Authority, and the Israel Exploration Society. The digs around the southern and western walls of the Temple Mount, which have reached the Herodian pavements, have revealed the steps leading to the Temple, the priests’ underground entrance to the Temple, and many religious objects. There are also notable remains of public buildings alongside a main street. Remains found within the precincts of the First Wall in the Jewish quarter bear the imprint of burning and destruction during the sack of the city by the Romans in 70 ce. Religious artifacts from the period of the First Temple have been discovered, and for the first time walls of structures dating to the 8th and 7th centuries bce have been found. One of these has been identified as the “Broad Wall” described by Nehemiah. A crucified body from Roman times, with a nail still lodged in the ankle, was discovered in a Jewish tomb at Givʿat Ha-Mivtar. Extensive excavations in the Citadel uncovered structures of the Hasmonean, Herodian, Crusader, and Mamlūk periods.
Near the Temple Mount inside the walls, notable remains of an Umayyad palace have been found. The excavations since 1978 in the Mount Ophel and City of David area have revealed evidence of settlement dating to the 4th millennium bce as well as of Canaanite and early Hebrew settlements, the latter with a wealth of seals, epigraphic material, and everyday utensils. A most significant discovery was the Roman and Byzantine Cardo, a street running from the vicinity of the Zion Gate through the restored Jewish quarter to its Crusader part and crossing the Old City bazaars. The street has been reconstructed using the ancient pavement, columns, and capitals. The discovery of a Crusader church, hospice, and hospital of the Teutonic Order (12th century) in the Jewish quarter and the huge expanse of wall and towers (from the Crusader and Ayyūbid periods of the 12th and 13th centuries) between the Dung Gate and the Zion Gate made a major contribution to the history of the city.
The flurry of archaeological investigation in Jerusalem has not been without political controversy, however. In 1996 the opening of an archaeological tunnel exit along the Western Wall ignited Muslim fears that the excavations might undermine the Islamic structures on the Temple Mount, and rioting ensued. Likewise, some Jews contended that renovations and excavations on the Temple Mount begun by the Muslim waqf (religious endowment) in the late 1990s might endanger Jewish cultural treasures.
The earliest traces of human settlement in the city area, found on a hill to the southeast, are from the late Chalcolithic Period (Copper Age) and Early Bronze Age (c. 3000 bce). Excavations have revealed that a settlement existed on a site south of the Temple Mount, and a massive town wall was found just above the Gihon Spring, which determined the location of the ancient settlement. The name, known in its earliest form as Urusalim, is probably of western Semitic origin and apparently means “Foundation of Shalem (God).” The city and its earliest rulers, the Egyptians, are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration Texts (c. 1900–1800 bce) and again in the 14th-century Tell el-Amarna correspondence, which contains a message from the city’s ruler, Abdi-Kheba (Abdu-Ḥeba), requiring his sovereign’s help against the invading Hapiru (Habiru, ʿApiru). A biblical narrative mentions the meeting of the Canaanite Melchizedek, said to be king of Salem (Jerusalem), with the Hebrew patriarch Abraham. A later episode in the biblical text mentions another king, Adonizedek, who headed an Amorite coalition and was vanquished by Joshua.
According to biblical accounts, Jerusalem, on the frontier of Benjamin and Judah and inhabited by a mixed population described as Jebusites, was captured by David, founder of the joint kingdom of Israel and Judah, and the city became the Jewish kingdom’s capital. This has been dated to about 1000 bce. David’s successor, King Solomon, extended the city and built his Temple on the threshing floor of Araunah (Ornan) the Jebusite. Thus Jerusalem became the place of the royal palace and the sacred site of a monotheistic religion.
With the coming of Alexander the Great and his victory at Issus in 333 bce, Jerusalem fell under Greek influence. After Alexander’s death, Palestine fell to the share of his marshal Ptolemy I Soter, son of Lagus, who had occupied Egypt and had made Alexandria his capital. In the year 198 bce Jerusalem was acquired by the northern dynasty, descended...
Aug 23, 2017 · Scholars believe the first human settlements in Jerusalem took place during the Early Bronze Age—somewhere around 3500 B.C. In 1000 B.C., King David conquered Jerusalem and made it the capital...
Sep 20, 2024 · Long an object of veneration and conflict, the holy city of Jerusalem has been governed, both as a provincial town and a national capital, by an extended series of dynasties and states. In the early 20th century the city, along with all of historic Palestine, became the focus of the competing national aspirations of Zionists and Palestinian ...
70 CE - Roman Forces Destroy Jerusalem and Demolish Second Temple; 135 CE - Jerusalem Rebuilt as a Roman City; Byzantine Period (324-638 CE) 335 CE - Church of the Holy Sepulchre Built; 614 CE - Persians Capture Jerusalem; 629 CE - Byzantine Christians Recapture Jerusalem from Persians; First Muslim Period (638-1099 CE) 638 CE - Caliph Omar ...
Jerusalem becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah and, according to the Bible, for the first few decades even of a wider united kingdom of Judah and Israel, under kings belonging to the House of David. c. 1010 BCE: biblical King David attacks and captures Jerusalem.
[21] [22] The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times.
