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- Landmark rulings by Alabama federal court Judge Frank Johnson during the Civil Rights Movement helped to end segregation and enforce voting rights in the South. Early in his tenure with the U.S. District Court (1955-1979), Johnson ruled against segregated seating on city buses, affirming the victory of the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1956.
www.nps.gov/features/malu/feat0002/wof/Frank_Johnson.htm
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Who was Judge Frank Johnson?
Jul 23, 1999 · When state courts failed to act forcefully to end racial violence — as in the case of Viola Liuzzo, a white civil rights worker from Detroit who was shot to death while riding in a car with a black man — Judge Frank Johnson sent the killers to jail on Federal civil rights charges.
Mar 7, 2020 · His decisions on voting rights, equal opportunity employment, affirmative action, humane conditions for prison inmates, and the rights of mental patients to adequate care affected the nation and the world. In all his cases, Judge Johnson strove to be faithful to the Constitution.
- Jim Crow Laws
- World War II and Civil Rights
- Rosa Parks
- Little Rock Nine
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- Sit-In at Woolworth's Lunch Counter
- Freedom Riders
- March on Washington
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Bloody Sunday
During Reconstruction, Black people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote. In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th Amendmentgranted Black American men the right to vote. Still, m...
Prior to World War II, most Black people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most Black Americans weren’t given better-paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military. After thousands of Black people threatened to march on Washington to demand eq...
On December 1, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parksfound a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated Black passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks complied. When a white man got on the bus and couldn’t find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus dr...
In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court made segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. In 1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Black high schools to attend the formerly segregated school. On September 4, 1957, nine Bla...
Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Black citizens. They often required prospective voters of color to take literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and nearly impossible to pass. Wanting to show a commitment to the civil rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, ...
Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February 1, 1960, four college students took a stand against segregation in Greensboro, North Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth’s lunch counter without being served. Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause ...
On May 4, 1961, 13 “Freedom Riders”—seven Black and six white activists–mounted a Greyhound bus in Washington, D.C., embarking on a bus tour of the American south to protest segregated bus terminals. They were testing the 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginiathat declared the segregation of interstate transportation facilities u...
Arguably one of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963: the March on Washington. It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustinand Martin Luther King Jr. More than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the m...
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964—legislation initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination—into law on July 2 of that year. King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities...
On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery marchto protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment. As the protesters neared the ...
Jul 24, 1999 · During the height of the civil rights movement, he also showed firm resolve despite the violence of the times. A cross was once burned on his lawn. His mother’s house, mistaken for...
Mar 7, 2020 · Professor Bickel’s interest in the Civil Rights Movement began in college in 1960 and included the involvement of students in protests against the racial segregation of higher education, and the summary retaliation against students for their participation in Civil Rights Movement activities.
Feb 26, 2024 · As a federal judge, Frank M. Johnson Jr. (1918-1999) played a crucial role in shaping civil-rights law in America and applying it in Alabama. Civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. once called him "the man who gave true meaning to the word justice ."
