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What are the three types of covert action?
What is the difference between covert action and overt activity?
What is covert action?
What is the most important characteristic of covert action?
The three main categories of covert action include propaganda, political action, and paramilitary action. Another separate category is economic action, which involves destabilizing the target state’s economy in some way.
Nov 29, 2022 · Examples of clandestine activities include intelligence recruitment of, or collection by, a foreign intelligence asset; clandestine military operations in cyberspace; and military sensitive site exploitation of, or surveillance of, a facility in a denied or hostile area.
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Sanctioned by the White House and overseen by Congress, covert action can provide results and otherwise unavailable information. This memo provides an overview of covert action, including its legal basis, authorization and notification procedures, and historical examples. What is Covert Action?
Covert action is the secret supplement to war and diplomacy, employed at the mar-gins of conflict to shift patterns of trust and allegiance. Increasing our knowledge of what covert action is requires deeper insight into how it works, especially in the cyber domain.
- Abstract
- Conceptualizing Plausible Deniability
- The Myth of Plausible Deniability
- Embracing Implausible Deniability
- Conclusions
Anxiety about ambiguous warfare and ‘hybridity’ is all the rage. But the rapidly proliferating literature on ‘grey’, ‘hybrid’ and ‘non-linear warfare’ is confused and references a bewildering range of military, political and economic developments associated with the changing nature of war over several decades.1 The proliferation of terms emphasizes...
Taking their lead from US executive orders and legislative statutes, scholars have long referred to ‘plausible deniability’ when defining covert action. They have paid less attention to the phrase itself, interpreting ‘plausible deniability’ in myriad ways. Consequently, it lacks a clear conceptual grounding in the existing discourse. For some, it ...
The concept of plausible deniability in its classic form is synonymous with American Cold War traditions. It can be traced back to NSC10/2, enunciated in 1948, a year after the creation of the CIA. In this document, the US National Security Council defined covert action as operations ‘so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility fo...
During the Cold War, as we have suggested, plausible deniability was in fact widely recognized as implausible. Covert actions involving ‘secret armies’ of as many as 40,000 people achieved only a pantomime secrecy. Nonetheless, leaders sometimes embrace, or even celebrate, implausible deniability. Costs of exposure should therefore not be taken at ...
Implausible deniability, even pantomime secrecy, are not new. Some of America's larger paramilitary Cold War covert actions were so ostentatious that they could barely be disguised at all. Despite official denials, audiences were well aware of the hidden hand and to whom it belonged. Now ‘special activities’ is a massive enterprise with both a publ...
- Rory Cormac, Richard J. Aldrich
- 2018
Mar 23, 2021 · Understanding what covert action and espionage share in common is key to appreciating their differences. At first blush, the reason covert action qualifies as an intelligence activity appears partly institutional.
Covert action is the narrow, statutory subset of Presidentially approved, CIA-led activities. 16 Unfortunately, colloquially, covert action “is frequently used to describe any activity the govern - ment wants concealed from the public.” 17 That common usage ignores the fact that a traditional military activity, notwithstand - ing how ...
