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It is now apparent that the potentially largest and most catastrophic jökulhlaups may be caused by eruptions in the voluminous ice-filled calderas in northern Vatnajökull (of Bárdharbunga and Kverkfjöll).
- Helgi Björnsson
- 1992
The 1996 eruption of Gjálp sent melt water southwards into Grímsvötn, that caused a jökulhlaup with a peak flow of 500,000 m 3 /s (18,000,000 cu ft/s) and lasted for several days. This is the largest Grímsvötn glacial flood ever recorded. The Eyjafjallajökull volcano can cause jökulhlaups.
Extremely high basal water pressures caused hydrofracturing of the ice, so that water forced its way englacially from the base of the ice to its surface, and supraglacial fountains erupted in areas near the terminus even in places where the ice was several hundred metres thick.
- Helgi Björnsson
- 2010
The Icelandic word jökulhlaups means glacier-related floods ranging from small bursts to megafloods of enormous landscaping impact. They may originate from marginal or subglacial sources of water melted by atmospheric processes, permanent geothermal heat or volcanic eruptions.
Mar 29, 2016 · In 1996, Grímsvötn Volcano erupted beneath the Vatnajökull Ice Cap, triggering a massive glacial outburst flood, called a jökulhlaup, that discharged 300,000 cubic meters per second as it flowed across the Skeidarársandur, a glacial outwash plain on the southern coast of Iceland.
This is a 70-km 3 caldera with associated flood channel system, located in Mýrdalsjökull, a glacier-covered mountain range in south Iceland, that reaches above an elevation of 1,500 m and is partly covered by the 200–700 m thick glacier which fills up a caldera and covers its eruptive vents.
Feb 1, 2003 · The largest and most catastrophic jökulhlaups in Iceland may be caused by eruptions in the voluminous, ice-filled calderas of Bárðarbunga and Kverkfjöll in northern Vatnajökull (see Björnsson, 1988, Björnsson and Einarsson, 1991).
