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Hamada’s Equation falls under the corporate finance umbrella. It is used to differentiate a levered company’s financial risk from its business risk. It combines two theorems: the Modigliani-Miller Theorem and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Hamada’s equation is structured in a way that helps determine, first, a company’s levered ...
Formula: Net Working Capital = Current Assets (less cash) – Current Liabilities (less debt) or, NWC = Accounts Receivable + Inventory – Accounts Payable. The first formula above is the broadest (as it includes all accounts), the second formula is more narrow, and the last formula is the most narrow (as it only includes three accounts).
Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR) is a financial ratio that is used to determine the ability of a company to pay the interest on its outstanding debt.
The IPO stock goes through a process of moving from a pre-IPO price to a post-IPO price. The pre-IPO price potentially represents the value of the private company, and the post-IPO price represents the value of the now-public company. The IPO method of measuring the DLOM assumes that the difference between the two prices is the amount of the DLOM.
As shown below, the WACC formula is: WACC = (E/V x Re) + ( (D/V x Rd) x (1 – T)) Where: E = market value of the firm’s equity (market cap) D = market value of the firm’s debt. V = total value of capital (equity plus debt) E/V = percentage of capital that is equity. D/V = percentage of capital that is debt.
DCF Step 1 – Build a forecast. The first step in the DCF model process is to build a forecast of the three financial statements, based on assumptions about how the business will perform in the future. On average, this forecast typically goes out about 5 years. The forecast has to build up to unlevered free cash flow (free cash flow to the ...
The main sources of finance are retained earnings, debt capital, and equity capital. Companies use retained earnings from business operations to expand or distribute dividends to their shareholders. Businesses raise funds by borrowing debt privately from a bank or by issuing debt securities to the public. Companies obtain equity funding by ...
The asset turnover ratio measures is an efficiency ratio that measures how profitably a company uses its assets to produce sales. Comparing the ratios of companies in different industries is not appropriate, as industries vary in capital intensiveness. A higher ratio is generally favorable, as it indicates an efficient use of assets.
Examples of Beta. High β – A company with a β that’s greater than 1 is more volatile than the market. For example, a high-risk technology company with a β of 1.75 would have returned 175% of what the market returned in a given period (typically measured weekly). Low β – A company with a β that’s lower than 1 is less volatile than ...
The IRR formula is as follows: Calculating the internal rate of return can be done in three ways: Using the IRR or XIRR function in Excel or other spreadsheet programs (see example below) Using a financial calculator. Using an iterative process where the analyst tries different discount rates until the NPV equals zero (Goal Seek in Excel can be ...
