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Samkhya or Sankhya (/ ˈ s ɑː ŋ k j ə /; Sanskrit: सांख्य, romanized: sāṃkhya) is a dualistic orthodox school of Hindu philosophy. [1] [2] [3] It views reality as composed of two independent principles, Puruṣa ('consciousness' or spirit) and Prakṛti (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions). [4]
- History
- Sāṅkhya’S Existential Quandary and Solution
- Epistemology
- Metaphysics
- Liberation
- References and Further Reading
The word “Sāṅkhya” is derived from the Sanskrit noun sankhyā (number) based on the verbal root khyā (make known, name) with the preverb sam(together). “Sāṅkhya” thus denotes the system of enumeration or taking account. The first meaning is acceptable, as Sāṅkhya is very fond of sets, often naming them as “triad,” “the group of eleven,” and so forth...
The first premise of Sāṅkhya is the universal fact of suffering. There are many practical ways to ward off the darker side of life: such as self-defense, pleasures, medicine, and meditation. But, according to Sāṅkhya, all of them are of limited efficacy and at best can offer only temporary relief. The refuge offered by traditional Vedic religion is...
Sāṅkhya recognizes only three valid sources of information: perception, inference and reliable tradition. The ordering is important: we use inference only when perception is impossible, and only if both are silent do we accept tradition. A valid source of information (pramāṇa) is veridical, yielding knowledge of its object. Perception is the direct...
Sāṅkhya is very fond of numbers, and in its classical form it is the system of 25 realities (tattva-s). In standard categories it is a dualism of puruṣa (person) and Prakṛti (nature); but Prakṛti has two basic forms, vyakta, “manifest,” and avyakta, “unmanifest,” so there are three basic principles. Puruṣa and the avyakta are the first two tattva-s...
Because Prakṛtiis essentially changing, nothing is constant in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in the end. Therefore as long as the transmigrating entity persists, the suffering of old age and death is unavoidable. The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of transmigration (saṁsāra) for ever. This is th...
Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques 53 (1999): 457–798.Chakravarti, Pulinbihari: Origin and Development of the Sāmkhya System of Thought. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House, 1951.Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad: Lokāyata. A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism. Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1959.Kumar, Shiv: Sāmkhya Thought in the Brahmanical Systems of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1983.People also ask
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May 23, 2022 · Samkhya is an ancient Indian philosophy that explains the world as a duality of Purusha (soul) and Prakriti (nature). It describes the evolution of 24 realities from Prakriti, influenced by the three gunas (modes), and the role of Purusha as the witness of creation.
Aug 29, 2024 · Samkhya is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy that posits the existence of two fundamental realities: matter (prakriti) and spirit (purusha). Learn about its history, doctrines, and relation to Buddhism and Vaisheshika.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Aug 26, 2024 · Samkhya is a philosophical system that posits two ultimate realities: purusha (spirit) and prakriti (matter). It also develops a theory of knowledge, ethics, and yoga (self-control) based on the Samkhya and Yoga sutras.
1. Introduction to SankhyaSystem. 2. Theory of Knowledge in Sankhya: Pratyaksa, Anumana, Apta-vacana. The Sankhya Theory ofError. 3. Metaphysics in Sankhya: Two Realities - Purusa and Prakriti, Three Gunas of Prakriti, Theory of Causality – Satkaryavada, The Sankhya Naturalism –Prakriti-parinama-vada. 4. Sankhya Notion of Suffering (Duhkha) 5.
