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Jun 17, 2011 · Functions, in Python, are first class objects - which means you can pass a function as an argument to another function, and return functions. Decorators do both of these things. If we stack decorators, the function, as defined, gets passed first to the decorator immediately above it, then the next, and so on.
Dec 14, 2021 · Side note, seeing as Python defines this as an xor operation and the method name has "xor" in it, I would consider it a poor design choice to make that method do something not related to xor like exponentiation. I think it's a good illustrative example of how it simply calls the __xor__ method, but to do that for real would be bad practice. –
In Python 2.2 or later in the 2.x line, there is no difference for integers unless you perform a from __future__ import division, which causes Python 2.x to adopt the 3.x behavior. Regardless of the future import, 5.0 // 2 will return 2.0 since that's the floor division result of the operation.
Jan 30, 2011 · In Python, += is sugar coating for the __iadd__ special method, or __add__ or __radd__ if __iadd__ isn't present. The __iadd__ method of a class can do anything it wants. The list object implements it and uses it to iterate over an iterable object appending each element to itself in the same way that the list's extend method does.
Jul 21, 2010 · In Python 3.x, iteritems() was replaced with simply items(), which returns a set-like view backed by the dict, like iteritems() but even better. This is also available in 2.7 as viewitems() . The operation items() will work for both 2 and 3, but in 2 it will return a list of the dictionary's (key, value) pairs, which will not reflect changes to the dict that happen after the items() call.
Jun 15, 2021 · A way to do it is to actually start the python interpreter. You can do that with python command. This will start the repl and you will be able to see in the first line something like: Python 2.7.18 (default, Mar 8 2021, 13:02:45) Or. Python 3.8.5 (default, Jan 27 2021, 15:41:15) Please check in the comments other valid ways to do it.
In Python 3.4 and 3.5 that caused some pain, because open built-in function could only work with string or bytes objects, and did not support Path objects, so you had to convert Path objects to strings or use the Path.open() method, but the latter option required you to change old code:
Mar 15, 2009 · starts the latest installed version of Python. To see all Python versions available on your system and their path: py -0p or. py --list-paths For a specific Python version path—especially useful with multiple python installations: py -3.7 -c "import os, sys; print(os.path.dirname(sys.executable))" python 2
Jun 21, 2009 · Another efficient way of doing this with the update method is with keyword arguments, but since they have to be legitimate python words, you can't have spaces or special symbols or start the name with a number, but many consider this a more readable way to create keys for a dict, and here we certainly avoid creating an extra unnecessary dict:
Python checks whether the object you're referring to has the same memory address as the global None object - a very, very fast comparison of two numbers. By comparing equality, Python has to look up whether your object has an __eq__ method. If it does not, it examines each superclass looking for an __eq__ method. If it finds one, Python calls it.
