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- Overview
- Common retinal disorders
- Symptoms
- Causes and risk factors
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- When to contact a doctor
- Summary
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye, and it features many light-sensitive photoreceptor cells. These cells detect light and convert it into electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain, resulting in sight. Retinal disorders affect the retina and typically result in visual problems.
The human eye is a specialized organ that reacts to light and allows people to see. The eye has many structures that enable vision, including the retina.
Retinal disorders are conditions that affect any part of the retina. Some can mildly affect a person’s vision, while others may lead to blindness. However, it may be possible to prevent most retinal disorders if an eye doctor identifies the condition early and provides appropriate treatment.
If a person is experiencing problems with their retina, they may need to see an ophthalmologist. This is a medical professional who specializes in ophthalmology, or eye care. In particular, a person may need to visit an eye doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the retina. This specialty is known as vitreoretinal medicine.
Retinal tear
A retinal tear happens when there is a tear or hole in the retina. This typically occurs when the vitreous, which is a jelly-like substance in the eye, attaches to the retina and pulls hard enough to tear it. This can happen when the vitreous detaches as part of the aging process, or it can result from trauma. Retinal tears can cause blurry vision, the sudden onset of floaters, or flashes of light. It is important for people to receive treatment for a retinal tear, as it may result in retinal detachment. This is a more serious condition that affects vision.
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment occurs when a buildup of fluid, which usually enters through a retinal tear, causes the retina to detach from the choroid, which is the eye layer that provides it with oxygen and nutrients. Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that, without treatment, may lead to permanent vision loss.
Retinopathy
Retinopathy results from damage to the blood vessels at the back of the eye, which causes fluid to leak. This accumulation of fluid can affect the retina and result in changes to vision. Conditions that can cause retinopathy include diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes, with evidence suggesting that it is a leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Retinal disorders can share a number of similar symptoms, which may include:
•seeing flashes of light
•the sudden appearance of floaters
•changes in vision
•blurry vision or a loss of vision in some areas of the visual field
•reduced central or side (peripheral) vision
Many different factors may contribute to the development of retinal disorders.
For example, one 2020 study highlights that increasing age, conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, and prior eye surgery can increase the risk of developing retinal problems. Additionally, having a family history of retinal disorders can also increase a person’s likelihood of developing one.
It may also be beneficial for individuals to protect their overall health and take care of their eyes. This could involve making lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and quitting smoking.
People may also wish to wear sunglasses or protective eyewear to help protect against potential eye trauma or injury that could lead to retinal problems.
To examine and diagnose eye conditions such as retinal disorders, ophthalmologists will typically first ask about the person’s medical history. This allows them to look for factors that may affect their vision, such as underlying conditions.
They will then perform a comprehensive eye exam with a particular focus on the retina and the macula. They will use a special instrument called an ophthalmoscope to investigate the inside of the eye.
The ophthalmologist may use eye drops to widen (dilate) the pupil to see the inner eye better. They may also request an eye ultrasound and give numbing eye drops to prevent discomfort as they scan the eye.
Ophthalmologists may also take images of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT) or a three-dimensional image of the blood flow in the eye using OCT angiography. They may also request dye tests such as fluorescein angiography to look for leakage in the blood vessels.
The goals of treatment will be to preserve and restore vision or to prevent and slow down the damage in the retina.
Treatment for retinal disorders varies depending on the type and extent of the condition. Options may range from medications and vitamins to injections, surgery, and laser treatments.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that children have regular eye checkups. Additionally, people with underlying conditions such as diabetes and those at higher risk of certain eye conditions should also undergo regular checkups.
A person should immediately contact an eye doctor if they experience any of the following:
•decreased vision
•sudden blurry vision
•double vision
•sudden visual disturbances, such as floaters and flashes
Retinal problems are conditions that affect the retina and often cause difficulty with vision. Early detection is essential to prevent and delay the progression of most retinal disorders.
It is advisable to have regular eye checkups, particularly if a person has a higher risk of retinal disorders. If a person begins to experience any changes to their vision, they should contact an eye doctor.
- Retinal tear. A retinal tear occurs when the clear, gel-like substance in the center of your eye, called vitreous, shrinks and tugs on the thin layer of tissue lining the back of your eye, called the retina.
- Retinal detachment. A retinal detachment is defined by the presence of fluid under the retina. This usually occurs when fluid passes through a retinal tear, causing the retina to lift away from the underlying tissue layers.
- Diabetic retinopathy. If you have diabetes, the tiny blood vessels in the back of your eye can deteriorate and leak fluid into and under the retina. This causes the retina to swell, which may blur or distort your vision.
- Epiretinal membrane. Epiretinal membrane is a delicate tissue-like scar or membrane that looks like crinkled cellophane lying on top of the retina. This membrane pulls up on the retina, which distorts your vision.
Aug 24, 2022 · Peters anomaly is a rare congenital eye condition. The condition causes thinning of the cornea and a clouding of the cornea's surface. It also affects the connection between the cornea and...
- Rebekah Kuschmider
Nov 15, 2023 · If you or a loved one has a rare eye disease, keep in mind that you are not alone. Hundreds of thousands of people in the United States are living with some type of rare eye disease. Find out more about your condition and how to get help.
Dec 7, 2022 · Peters anomaly is a genetic condition that results in the clouding of the cornea (the clear, front surface of the eye). This is due to improper development of the anterior segment (the front third of the eye). The corneal opacity, or leukoma, that often develops with PA may severely impact vision.
Aug 31, 2024 · Brain tumor: Growth of abnormal cells in the brain; causes double or blurry vision and vision loss. Cataracts: The lens (the clear part of the eye that is behind the colored iris) becomes cloudy, causing blurry vision, halos, vision loss, and problems seeing in dim light.
