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November 12, 2021
- Apex, titled Apex Predator in the UK, is a 2021 American science fiction action film directed by Edward John Drake and written by John Drake and Corey William Large. It stars Neal McDonough and Bruce Willis and was released on November 12, 2021.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(2021_film)
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Does a decline in apex predators trigger a release of mesopredators?
When is apex predator released in the UK?
Do apex predators control smaller'mesopredators'?
Does removal of apex predators affect biodiversity?
How do apex predators suppress mesopredators?
Is there a conflict of interest between apex predators and mesopredators?
Apex, titled Apex Predator in the UK, [2] is a 2021 American science fiction action film directed by Edward John Drake and written by John Drake and Corey William Large. It stars Neal McDonough and Bruce Willis and was released on November 12, 2021.
With Neal McDonough, Bruce Willis, Corey Large, Alexia Fast. Six elite hunters pay to hunt down a man on a deserted island, only to find themselves becoming the prey.
- (6.5K)
- Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller
- Edward Drake
- 2021-11-12
- Abstract
- What Is Mesopredator Release?
- The Extent of Mesopredator Release
- Disentangling Mesopredator Release from Land-Use Changes
- Trade-Offs Inherent to Predator Management
- Can Humans Replace The Role of Apex Predators?
- Can Mesopredators Replace The Role of Apex Predators?
- Case Study: North American Carnivores
- Can We Predict Mesopredator Outbreaks?
- Can We Predict The Strength of Cascading Effects?
Humans have persecuted apex predators for millennia. From wolves (Canis lupus) in Asia, North America, and Europe to jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Americas and lions (Panthera leo) and wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Africa, these efforts have resulted in the complete eradication or severe range reduction of large carnivores throughout the world (Git...
The ideas behind mesopredator release can be traced back several decades, when ecologists began observing that the removal of predators resulted in explosions of animal populations released from this control (e.g., Paine 1969, Pacala and Roughgarden 1984). The term “mesopredator release” was coined by Soulé and colleagues (1988) to describe a proce...
Cases of mesopredator release have been reported on all continents except Antarctica, in a wide variety of systems, and at large spatial scales. In a recent review, Brashares and colleagues (2010) found 34 studies that examined mesopredator release in oceanic, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. Cascading negative effects of mesopredator releas...
Mesopredator outbreaks are commonly observed in fragmented habitats, an association that can be credited to three factors. First, apex predators tend to require more area than mesopredators and are therefore more likely to disappear when habitat is lost. Second, large predators are likely to encounter high levels of conflict with humans where fragm...
Thus far, we have painted a rather bleak picture of ecosystems decimated by mesopredator outbreaks induced by large predator extirpations. However, predator management is characterized by complex ecological, economic, and social trade-offs. While large predators present many ecological benefits, they can also pose a serious threat to species of con...
Apex predators may be instrumental in preventing outbreaks of mesopredators and the consequent ecological, financial, and social problems, but significant roadblocks impede large carnivore conservation. Much of their habitat is gone. They sometimes kill people. They often kill animals that people like, such as pets, livestock, and ungulates. Direct...
Since large carnivores are difficult to conserve, and humans are likely to be poor ecological replacements, perhaps mesopredators themselves could fill the role of apex predator. This scenario commonly occurs when an apex predator is fully eradicated and the mesopredator directly below the former apex predator in the trophic hierarchy becomes a rep...
To illustrate changes in the distributions of apex predators and mesopredators over time, we examined historic (from the 18th and 19th centuries) and current range maps for 36 species of terrestrial mammalian carnivores that occur in North America (table 1). Seven of these species can be considered apex predators—the three bear species, two large c...
Because the loss of apex predators may or may not cause mesopredator numbers to increase, the ability to better predict mesopredator responses to the reintroduction or removal of apex predators would greatly enhance the effectiveness of conservation and management efforts. The suppression of mesopredators by apex predators is often (but not always)...
Global declines in populations of birds, fish, reptiles, rodents, and ungulates have catalyzed concerns about mesopredator release. In fact, the primary goal of mesopredator release studies is usually the detection of these cascading effects (e.g., Wallach et al. 2009). In order to predict the cascading effects of apex predator removal or reintrodu...
- Laura R. Prugh, Chantal J. Stoner, Clinton W. Epps, William T. Bean, William J. Ripple, Andrea S. La...
- 2009
The mesopredator release hypothesis is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter.
Aug 13, 2009 · When populations of apex predators are reduced or go extinct, previously suppressed mesopredator populations may erupt in a phenomenon known as ‘mesopredator release’ (Soulé et al. 1988; Courchamp et al. 1999; Crooks & Soulé 1999).
- Euan G. Ritchie, Christopher N. Johnson
- 2009
Mar 8, 2022 · The mesopredator release effect occurs when the removal of an apex predator increases the density of a mesopredator, which in turn reduces the density of their shared prey. The mesopredator release effect can pose significant challenges for predator management and biodiversity conservation.
May 22, 2024 · The mesopredator release hypothesis (MRH) predicts that a decline in apex predators triggers a ‘release’ of mesopredators from suppression. We expanded the MRH to include predictions of inverse responses following increases in apex predator abundance or distribution.
