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Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).
Jun 20, 2021 · Learn what liquid-liquid extraction is, how it works, and how to perform it in the lab. Find out how to extract neutral, acidic and basic compounds using aqueous and organic solvents, and how to deal with emulsions.
Feb 2, 2011 · Liquid-liquid extraction is a separation process that uses two immiscible solvents to isolate solutes from a liquid mixture. Learn about the history, equipment, solvent selection and phase equilibria of this technique, with examples from various industries.
- J.D. Thornton
- 2006
- What Is Liquid-Liquid extraction?
- Historical Background
- How to Use
- General Scheme
- Practical Considerations
- Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- References
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Liquid-liquid extraction (abbreviated as extraction) is one of the most common basic operations in the organic chemistry laboratory and allows the isolation and purification of a product resulting from a chemical reaction. Extraction can be defined as the transfer of a substance X from a liquid phase A to another liquid phase B. Both phases (or sol...
The history of liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction or partitioning, can be traced back to ancient times when people used natural oils and fats to extract medicinal compounds from plants. The early forms of solvent extraction were based on the principle of like dissolving like, and were primarily used in the preparation of per...
For a successful extraction, the following steps are necessary: 1. The separatory funnel is attached on a metal ring to the laboratory grid, placing a collecting vessel underneath. Generally an Erlenmeyer flask is used. 2. The height of the separatory funnel is adjusted so that the outlet pipe is a few centimeters away from the collector. 3. Check ...
The mixture to be separated is added to a separatory funnel, and the aqueous layer is added first. The organic solvent layer is then added to the funnel, forming two separate layers. The mixture is stirred vigorously, and then the stopcock is opened slightly to release any overpressure that may have built up. The separatory funnel is positioned ove...
Sometimes, the separation between the two layers in the extraction process presents a number of difficulties that slow down the process, such as the formation of interfaces, foams or emulsions. There is no standard procedure to solve such problems. Thus, a simple quick rotation of the funnel is enough to break them. In other cases, it is useful to ...
When in a liquid-liquid extraction, it is not possible to isolate an organic product even using the strategies indicated above, because the partition coefficient is very unfavorable for the desired product, the solution would be to perform a large number of liquid-liquid extractions, which is not operative from the practical point of view. In such ...
Overall, liquid-liquid extraction is a powerful and versatile method of separation and purification, but its effectiveness depends on careful selection of solvents and optimization of process conditions.
Isac-García, J.; Dobado, J. A.; Calvo-Flores, F. G.; and Martínez-García, H. (2015). Experimental Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN: 978-0-12-803893-2
Learn what liquid-liquid extraction is, how it works, and how to perform it in the laboratory. Find out the historical background, the Nernst equation, and the general scheme of this common organic chemistry operation.
Feb 11, 2013 · Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction, is a typical ternary system in the chemical engineering field, which separates chemicals from one solution to another based on the different solubility of the solute chemical in two solvents.
- Jianguo Zhang, Bo Hu
- 2013
Aug 29, 2023 · Learn how to use liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) to transfer a solute from one liquid phase into another immiscible liquid phase according to differences in solubility. See examples of LLE applications, partition coefficients, distribution coefficients, and pH effects for weak acids and bases.
Mar 25, 2022 · Process schematic for multistage liquid-liquid extraction. Determining number of stages \(N\) when (1) feed rate; (2) feed composition; (3) incoming solvent rate; (4) incoming solvent composition; and (5) outgoing raffinate composition have been specified/selected.
