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Jan 15, 2006 · Social cognition research studies the cognitive structures and processes that shape our understanding of social situations and that mediate our behavioral reactions to them.
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Introduction. The study of social cognition examines how individuals process and represent information about other people, themselves, and socially constructed events (Fiske & Taylor, 2013; Hamilton, 2005).
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- After reading this chapter, you would be able to:
- Behaviour in the Presence of Others Pro-social Behaviour
- EXPLAINING SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
- NATURE AND COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES
- Attitude Formation
- Attitude Change
- Attitude-Behaviour Relationship
- PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
- STRATEGIES FOR HANDLING PREJUDICE
- SOCIAL COGNITION
- SCHEMAS AND STEREOTYPES
- IMPRESSION FORMATION AND EXPLAINING BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS THROUGH ATTRIBUTIONS
- Impression Formation
- Attribution of Causality
- BEHAVIOUR IN THE PRESENCE OTHERS OF
- PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
- Factors Influencing Pro-social Behaviour
- Key Terms
- Pedagogical Hints
understand what are attitudes, how they are formed and changed, analyse how people interpret and explain the behaviour of others, comprehend how the presence of others influences our behaviour, explain why people help or do not help others in distress, and understand the concept of pro-social behaviour and factors affecting it.
Factors Affecting Pro-social Behaviour Key Terms Summary Review Questions Project Ideas Weblinks Pedagogical Hints Social psychology is that branch of psychology which investigates how the behaviour of individuals is affected by others and the social environment. All of us form attitudes, or ways of thinking about specific topics and people. We als...
Social behaviour is a necessary part of human life, and being social means much more than merely being in the company of others. You may recall from what you studied in Class XI that social psychology deals with all behaviour that takes place in the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Take this simple example: if you have to memorise a...
For a few minutes quietly do the following mental exercise. Today, how many times did you tell yourself : “In my opinion...” or “Others may say so and so, but I feel...”? What you fill in the blanks are called opinions. Now continue the exercise : how important are these opinions to you? The topics of some of these opinions may be only moderately ...
One important question that psychologists are interested in answering is : how are attitudes formed? Like many other thoughts and concepts that develop and become part of our cognitive system, attitudes towards different topics, things and people also are formed as we interact with others. However, there are specific conditions that lead to the for...
During the process of attitude formation, and also after this process, attitudes may be changed and modified through various influences. Some attitudes change more than others do. Attitudes that are still in the formative stage, and are more like opinions, are much more likely to change compared to attitudes that have become firmly established, an...
We usually expect behaviour to follow logically from attitudes. However, an individual’s attitudes may not always be exhibited through behaviour. Likewise, one’s actual behaviour may be contrary to one’s attitude towards a particular topic. Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when : the attitu...
Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative, and in many cases, may be based on stereotypes (the cognitive component) about the specific group. As will be discussed below in the section on social cognition, a stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. All member...
Knowing about the causes or sources would be the first step in handling prejudice. Thus, the strategies for handling prejudice would be effective if they aim at : minimising opportunities for learning prejudices, changing such attitudes, de-emphasising a narrow social identity based on the ingroup, and discouraging the tendency towards self-fulfill...
‘Cognition’ refers to all those mental processes that deal with obtaining and processing of information. Extending this idea to the social world, the term ‘social cognition’ refers to all those psychological processes that deal with the gathering and processing of information related to social objects. These include all the processes that help in u...
A schema is defined as a mental structure that provides a framework, set of rules or guidelines for processing information about any object. Schemas (or ‘schemata’) are the basic units stored in our memory, and function as shorthand ways of processing information, thus reducing the time and mental effort required in cognition. In the case of socia...
Every social interaction begins with the formation of an impression about the person(s) we meet. Public figures and applicants appearing for job interviews are good examples that show it is very important to ‘make a good impression’ on others. The process of coming to know a person can be broadly divided into two parts : (a) Impression formation, a...
The following aspects have been found in impression formation : The process of impression formation consists of the following three sub-processes : Selection : we take into account only some bits of information about the target person, Organisation : the selected information is combined in a systematic way, and Inference : we draw a conclusion abou...
After forming an impression, we often go through the process of assigning causes to a person’s behaviour. This is also a systematic process, as indicated by the researches done on attribution. The following aspects of attribution have been found. When we assign a cause to a person’s behaviour, we can broadly classify the cause as being internal — s...
One of the first observations made about social behaviour was that performance on specific tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others. This is called social facilitation. For example, Reena is about to participate in a music contest. She is very talented, yet she is feeling very nervous about the event. If you were in Reena’s place, would y...
Throughout the world, doing good to others and being helpful is described as a virtue. All religions teach us that we should help those who are in need. This behaviour is called helping or pro-social behaviour. Pro-social behaviour is very similar to ‘altruism’, which means doing something for or thinking about the welfare of others without any sel...
Pro-social behaviour is based on an inborn, natural tendency in human beings to help other members of their own species. This inborn tendency facilitates survival of the species. Pro-social behaviour is influenced by learning. Individuals who are brought up in a family environment that sets examples of helping others, emphasises helping as a value,...
Actor-observer effect, Arousal, Attitudes, Attribution, Balance, Beliefs, Centrality of attitude, Co-action, Cognitive consistency, Cognitive dissonance, Congruent attitude change, Diffusion of responsibility, Discrimination, Empathy, Evaluation apprehension, Extremeness of attitude, Fundamental attribution error, Halo effect, Identification, Incon...
In the topic of attitudes, students should be made to understand the distinction between attitudes as such (with the A-B-C components) on one hand, and behaviour related to the attitude, on the other. To explain attitude change, students may be encouraged to think of real-life examples of attitude change, for instance, attempts made by advertisers ...
Social cognition is a broad term that describes a focus on the way perceivers encode, process, remember, and use information in social contexts in order to make sense of other people’s behavior (where a social context. is defined as any real or imagined scenario including reference to self or others).
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social cognition as a Level of analysis. Since its inception in the 1970s, there have been recurring debates about the most appropriate way to conceptualize social cognition.
A central goal of social cognition is to identify and characterize core cognitive processes that underlie social thought and behavior. It also tries to answer questions regarding the nature of
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Social cognition also goes beyond naive psychology. Studying social cognition entails a fine-grained analysis of how people think about themselves and others, and it leans heavily on the theory and methods of cognitive psychology. One of the hallmarks of social cognition is the influence of detailed models from cognitive psy - chology.
