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- Human evolution can be referred to as adaptive radiation because adaptive radiation is an evolutionary process which gives rise to new species from a single common ancestor but in the case of human evolution, although we share a common ancestor, we humans have undergone an eventual but progressive alteration in the eating preferences, structure of body, etc.
byjus.com/ncert-solutions-class-12-biology/chapter-7-evolution/NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 - Evolution - BYJU'S
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NCERT
- After reading this chapter, you would be able to
- I n t r o d u c t i o n
- MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
- Life-Span Perspective on Development
- FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT
- CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT
- Individual
- Chronosystem
- Activity 4.1
- OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
- Prenatal Stage
- INFANCY
- CHILDHOOD
- Major Accomplishments in Gross and Fine Motor Skills
- Activity 4.2
- Box 4.2 Gender and Sex Roles
- Activity 4.3
- Activity 4.4
- CHALLENGES OF ADOLESCENCE
- Adulthood
- Old Age
- Summary t The death of a
- Key Terms
- Review Questions
describe the meaning and process of development, explain the influence of heredity, environment and context on human development, identify the stages of development and describe the major characteristics of infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age, and reflect on your own course of development and related experiences. wish I could tra...
If you look around, you will notice that from birth onwards changes of various kinds are taking place in an individual’s life, which continue even during old age. Over a span of time, a human grows and develops, learns to communicate, walk, count, and read and write. S/he also learns to distinguish between right and wrong. S/he makes friends, goes ...
When we think of development, invariably we think of physical changes, as these are commonly observed at home with younger siblings, with parents and grandparents, in school with peers or others around us. From conception until the moment of death, we not only change physically, but we also change in the way we think, use language, and develop soci...
The study of development according to the Life-Span Perspective (LSP) includes the following assumptions : Development is lifelong, i.e. it takes place across all age groups starting from conception to old age. It includes both gains and losses, which interact in dynamic (change in one aspect goes with changes in others) ways throughout the life-sp...
Have you observed in your class that some of you have dark skin, others have light coloured skins, colour of your hair and eyes are different, some of you are tall, others short, some are quiet or sad while others are talkative or cheerful. People also differ with respect to intelligence, learning abilities, memory, and other psychological characte...
Development does not take place in a vacuum. It is always embedded in a particular socio-cultural context. As you shall read in this chapter, transition during one’s lifetime such as entering school, becoming an adolescent, finding jobs, marrying, having children, retirement, etc. all are joint functions of the biological changes and changes in one...
Religious Mass Neighbourhood settings Work Media Place Time
Fig.4.1 : Bronfenbrenner’s Contextual View of Development experiences likely to influence an individual’s relationships with others. The exosystem includes events in social settings where the child does not participate directly, but they influence the childs’ experiences in the immediate context. For example, the transfer of father or mother may ca...
What would your life be if you lived in a rural area or a small town, devoid of all amenities, which you are used to in a city (or vice-versa)? Discuss in small groups keeping in mind factors like poverty, illiteracy, pollution, population, etc.
Development is commonly described in terms of periods or stages. You must have observed that your younger brother or sister, or parents, and even yourself, all behave in different ways. If you observe people living in your neighbourhood, you would find that they too do not behave in a similar manner. This variation is partly because everyone is in...
The period from conception to birth is known as the prenatal period. Typically, it lasts for about 40 weeks. You know by now that the genetic blueprint guides our development during the prenatal period and after birth. Both genetic and environmental factors affect our development during different periods of prenatal stage. Prenatal development is a...
The brain develops at an amazing rate before and after birth. You have already read in Chapter 3 about the parts of the brain and the important role played by cerebrum in human functions, such as language, perception, and intelligence. Just before birth the newborns have most but not all brain cells. The neural connections among these cells develop...
The child’s growth slows down during early childhood as compared to infancy. The child develops physically, gains height and weight, learns to walk, runs, jumps, and plays with a ball. Socially, the child’s world expands from the parents to the family and adults near home and at school. The child also begins to acquire the concepts of good and bad,...
Age in Years Gross Motor Skills 3 years 4 years 5 years Hopping, jumping, running Fine Motor Skills Build blocks, pick objects with forefinger and thumb Fit jigsaw puzzle precisely Climb up and downstairs with one foot on each step Run hard, enjoy races Hand, arm, and body all coordinate with eye movement etc. This ability of the child to engage in...
Take two transparent glasses of the same size and pour same amount of water in both. Ask a child of Class II and Class V of your school: whether the glasses contain the same amount of water? Take another tall thin glass and in front of the child empty water from one of the earlier glasses to the third glass. Now ask her/him which glass has more wat...
Is chess a man’s game or woman’s game or both? Is baking a woman’s activity or a man’s activity? What about driving, debating, and experimenting in a physics laboratory? Or consider some of the products sold on T.V. for young men and young women? What do they tell about how girls and boys should be? Psychologists have meticulously researched on whe...
Act like a boy if you are a girl or act like a girl if you are a boy for atleast one hour in front of your friends and parents. Reflect on your experience and note others’ reaction to your behaviour. You can also ask them about their reactions. How difficult was it to perform like the other gender? Moral Development : Another important aspect of th...
A patient is critically ill, hospitalised for many years and shows no improvement. Should the life support system of the patient be withdrawn? What is your view on euthanasia or “mercy killing” as it is sometimes called? Discuss with your teacher.
The term adolescence derives from the Latin word adolescere, meaning “to grow into maturity”. It is the transitional period in a person’s life between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence is commonly defined as the stage of life that begins at the onset of puberty, when sexual maturity, or the ability to reproduce is attained. It has been regarded ...
An adult is generally defined as someone who is responsible, mature, self-supporting, and well integrated into society. There is a variation in developing these attributes, which suggests that there is a shift in timing when an individual becomes an adult or assumes adult roles. Some people take up jobs along with their college studies or may get m...
Just when “old age” begins, is not easy to determine. Traditionally, the age of retirement was linked to old age. Now that people are living longer, age of retiring from work is changing, and the cut-off point for the definition of “old age” is moving upward. Some of the challenges, which the aged have to cope with include retirement, widowhood, i...
spouse is usually seen as the most difficult loss. Those left behind after the death of their partner suffer deep grief, cope with loneliness, depression, financial loss and are also at risk of many health related problems. Widows by far out number widowers, because studies show that women live longer than men and tend to marry men older than thems...
Adolescence, Animism, Attachment, Centration, Cephalocaudal trend, Concrete operational stage, Deductive thought, Development, Egocentrism, Evolution, Gender, Identity, Infancy, Maturation, Menarche, Motor development, Object permanence, Operations, Phenotype, Prenatal period, Preoperational stage, Primary sex characteristics, Proximodistal trend, ...
What is development? How is it different from growth and maturation? Describe the main features of life-span perspective on development. What are developmental tasks? Explain by giving examples. ‘Environment of the child has a major role in the development of the child’. Support your answer with examples. How do socio-cultural factors influence dev...
CHAPTER 9. Heredity and Evolution. We have seen that reproductive processes give rise to new individuals that are similar, but subtly different. We have discussed how some amount of variation is produced even during asexual reproduction. And the number of successful variations are maximised by the process of sexual reproduction.
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- Dryopithecus. These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They lived in China, Africa, Europe and India. The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes.
- Ramapithecus. Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia. They lived in open grasslands.
- Australopithecus. The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. They lived on the ground, used stones as weapons and walked erect.
- Homo Erectus. The first fossil of Homo Erectus was found in Java in 1891. These were named as Pithecanthropus Erectus. These were considered as the missing link between the man and apes.
4. Try to trace the various components of human evolution (hint: brain size and function, skeletal structure, dietary preference, etc.) Solution: Human evolution can be based on different components, namely: Size of the brain; Body posture; Food habits/dietary preferences; Characteristics/features; The following table depicts the same:
Jan 22, 2024 · CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. Heredity and Inherited Traits: Mendel’s Experiment; Sex determination. Heredity refers to the transmission of characters from parents to offsprings.
Mar 20, 2024 · Human Evolution: Human Evolution can be studied With help of evolutionary tools Such as Fossils, Time dating, and By determining DNA Sequence. Recent evidence - based on a genetic basis clearly indicates that the origin of man occurred in Africa. From Africa, the Human species Spread to a different region.
