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5 days ago · The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg ( German: Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg ), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony .
1 day ago · Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as Empress Maud, was a pivotal figure in English history as a claimant to the throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter and heir of King Henry I of England and ruler of Normandy, Matilda’s life was marked by her marriages to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor ...
3 days ago · The gynoecium is often referred to as the "female" portion of the flower, although rather than directly producing female gametes (i.e. egg cells ), the gynoecium produces megaspores, each of which develops into a female gametophyte which then produces egg cells. The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of archegonia ...
3 days ago · Upon his death in 1138, the country was divided between his sons into the duchies of Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Masovia, Silesia, Sandomierz, and a Pomeranian vassal. As a result, Poland entered a period of feudal fragmentation that lasted for over 200 years.
3 days ago · Ukraine - Lithuanian, Polish, Rule: By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the grand duchy of Lithuania, and the kingdom of Poland.
2 days ago · About nine-tenths of it went for military purposes, compared with half in Brandenburg and more than three-fifths in France and Russia. Equating a large army with royal absolutism and extolling the virtue of noble levies, the szlachta was unwilling to devise defensive mechanisms.
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3 days ago · Author of The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–71 and others. Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History, Indiana University, Bloomington. Author of Law, Resistance, and the State in Reformation Germany.
