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Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( / ˈəbdʊl kəˈlɑːm / ⓘ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering.
Kalam, in Islam, speculative theology. In its early stage, it was merely a defense of Islam against other religions. It eventually adopted the dialectic of the Greek skeptics and stoics. Among the most significant practitioners of kalam was the Mu’tazilah school.
Ilm al-kalam or ilm al-lahut, often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology . It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them.
Jun 8, 2018 · Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, better known as APJ Abdul Kalam, was an illustrious scientist turned statesman who served as the 11 th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam spent more than forty years as a science administrator and scientist mainly at the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Defence Research and the ...
Jun 16, 2024 · A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (born October 15, 1931, Rameswaram, India—died July 27, 2015, Shillong) was an Indian scientist and politician who played a leading role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs.
ʿIlm al-Kalām is a branch of study on Islamic beliefs. Like any other branch of Islamic knowledge, ʿIlm al-Kalām did not develop into a separate branch of knowledge during the time of the Prophets and their Companions. Later, socio-political circumstances forced Muslim scholars to develop this into an independent branch of knowledge.
In its technical sense, “kalam” denotes the theoretical consideration of matters of religious creed, or theology. Ibn Khaldun said: it is the discipline comprised of disputation over creedal beliefs with rational proofs . Al-Ayhi said: Kalam is the discipline that enables one to affirm creedal beliefs by amassing arguments and repelling doubt .
Jun 27, 2024 · Kalām is the rational exposition of the cognitive content of the religious vision articulated in the Koran and the theololgian may choose to focus on one or another facet or aspect of the vision or of whatr is viewed and to describe it from one or another formal perspective.
In Islamic philosophy, the processes of systematic theology, or more widely the general tradition of commentary and interpretation of Islamic doctrine, which may include adducing philosophy to support elements of religious doctrine.
In this part, dealing with 'ilm al-kalam, the author has discussed the main doctrines of kalam and their subsequent modifications with special reference to Mu'tazilah, Asha'irah and Shi'ah schools of kalam.
