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Even though the angiosperms show such a large diversity in external structure or morphology , they are all characterised by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. In chapter s 2 and 3, we talked about classification of plants based on morphological and other characteristics.
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- Flowering Plants. Flowering plants are the most diverse group of land plants with 300,000 known species. These are also known as angiosperms and produce seed-bearing fruits.
- Root System. The root is a brown, nongreen and underground part of a plant. Root with their branches is collectively called a root system. There are three types of the root system
- Shoot System. Another essential part of the plant is its stem. It is the ascending part of the plant axis which bears branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and helps in the conduction of water and minerals.
- Leaves. The leaf is a laterally borne structure and usually flattened. It is the main photosynthetic part of the plants. It absorbs light and helps in the exchange of gases through the stomata.
- The Root
- Modification of The Root
- The Stem
- Modification of The Stem
- The Leaf
- Modification of Leaves
- Inflorescence
- The Flower
- Parts of A Flower
- The Fruit
Tap root: Primary root is formed by elongation of the radicle and it bears secondary and tertiary roots, present in dicot plants, e.g. gram, mustard, etc.Fibrous root: found in monocotyledons. A large number of roots originate at the base of the stem, e.g. rice, wheat, etc.Adventitious root: Primary root is not formed from the radicle, e.g. grass, banyan tree, maize, etc.For storage:taproots- carrot, turnip; adventitious roots- sweet potatoFor support: Prop roots of Banyan tree, that arise from branches; stilt root of maize and sugarcane, that comes out of lower stem nodesFor aeration: pneumatophores present in mangroves help them in respiration as it grows in swampy areas. These roots grow upwards above the ground, e.g. RhizophoraFor nitrogen fixation:root nodules of leguminous plantsPlumule develops into stemThe part of the stem which bears leaves is called a node and the part between two nodes is known as the internodeUnderground Stem: They help plants sustain unfavourable conditions for growthStem Tendrils: these are a coiled structure that supports tender stem of the plant and help in climbing, e.g. grapes, cucumber, pumpkinThorn: axillary bud gets modified into pointed thorns and protects plants from grazing animals, e.g. Bougainvillea, citrusSubaerial Weak StemLeaves originate from the apical meristem of a shootNormally a leaf consists of three parts; leaf base, lamina and petioleLeaf base attaches to stem and may have two small leaf-like structures known as stipuleTendrils-leaves modified to form a long thread-like structure, it gives support to climbers, e.g. peasSpine- in xerophytic plants to reduce water loss, e.g. cactus, aloeFor storage- e.g. garlic, onionPhyllodes- petiole gets modified to form a leaf-like structure and function, e.g. AcaciaThe arrangement of the flowers around the floral axisThe two main types of inflorescence areSpecial types of InflorescenceA flower has four whorls; calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. These are attached to the swollen terminal of pedicel called the thalamusFlower symmetry:Flowers can be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous depending on the multiple of floral appendages present 3, 4 or 5Types of flowers depending on the presence or absence of bracts (reduced leaf present at the base of pedicel); Bracteate or EbracteateCalyx: A flower’s outermost whorl is made up of leaf-like structures called sepals Gamosepalous- sepals united Polysepalous- sepals free Corolla: made up of bright coloured petals. Present after sepals Gamopetalous- petals united Polypetalous- petals free Aestivation: It is the mode of arrangement of sepals and petals. The main types of aestivation...
It is a matured and ripened ovary after fertilisation. 1. Parthenocarpic fruit: the fruitformed without fertilisation, it makes seedless fruits, e.g. pineapple 2. Seed and pericarp make a fruit. The fleshy pericarp is made up of three layers; epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp
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Learn about the form, structure and types of flowers, leaves, stem, fruits and seeds of flowering plants. Explore the characteristics and functions of each part with videos, Q&A and examples.
Learn about the structure and function of flowers, the reproductive organs of angiosperms. Test your knowledge with quizzes and practice floral formula and diagram.
Learn about the structure and function of flowering plants with NCERT solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 5. Find answers to textbook questions, definitions, examples and diagrams of various plant parts and features.
Learn about the structure and characteristics of flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, with examples and diagrams. Explore the root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit parts of flowering plants and their functions and adaptations.
