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Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( / ˈəbdʊl kəˈlɑːm / ⓘ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering.
Jun 16, 2024 · A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (born October 15, 1931, Rameswaram, India—died July 27, 2015, Shillong) was an Indian scientist and politician who played a leading role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs. He was president of India from 2002 to 2007.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam served as president of the Republic of India from 2002 to 2007. As president, Kalam promoted the advancement of the national nuc...
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam attended the Madras Institute of Technology, where he received a degree in aeronautical engineering in 1960. After graduation he...
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam created the Technology Vision 2020 project in 1998. The project sought to develop India’s economy through technology, particular...
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam won many awards, both from the Indian government and from the international community. His most notable awards were the Padma Vi...
Ilm al-kalam or ilm al-lahut, often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology . It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them.
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Kalam, in Islam, speculative theology. In its early stage, it was merely a defense of Islam against other religions. It eventually adopted the dialectic of the Greek skeptics and stoics. Among the most significant practitioners of kalam was the Mu’tazilah school.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, (born Oct. 15, 1931, Rameswaram, India—died July 27, 2015, Shillong), Indian president (2002–07). After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology, Kalam played a leading role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs.
Jul 28, 2015 · APJ Abdul Kalam, India's 11th president, who died on Monday evening was an extraordinary Indian, writes Shashi Tharoor in this exclusive tribute.
Nov 28, 2023 · Who Was A.P.J. Abdul Kalam? A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was an aerospace scientist who joined India's defense department after graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology.
