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  1. The term "thermal energy" is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering, generally related to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance. It can refer to several different physical concepts.

  2. Mar 23, 2022 · Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a substance. Learn how it is produced, transferred, and calculated, and see examples of thermal energy in everyday life and applications.

  3. Jun 19, 2024 · Thermal energy is the internal energy of a system in equilibrium due to its temperature. Learn how thermal energy differs from kinetic energy and how it can be transferred and converted in various systems.

    • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
  4. Dec 28, 2020 · Thermal energy, also called heat energy, is one of many kinds of internal energy in a system. Others include potential energy, the kinetic energy of translational and rotational motion, gravitational potential energy and electrical energy.

  5. It is nevertheless possible to transfer energy between the systems microscopically. That is, thermal energy can be transferred into or out of a system without any work being done through a direct interaction of the two systems' microscopic energy modes. This form of energy transfer is called heat.

  6. The thermal energy of an object is the energy contained in the motion and vibration of its molecules. Thermal energy is measured through temperature. The energy contained in the small motions of the object's molecules can be broken up into a combination of microscopic kinetic energy and potential energy. The total energy of an object is equal to:

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