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Learn how to use the @media rule to apply different styles for different media types/devices with media queries. See examples of how to create responsive web design, change layout, orientation, and color based on screen size and resolution.
- CSS Media Queries
CSS Common Media Features. Here are some commonly used media...
- The @media Rule
The @media Rule. The @media rule makes it possible to define...
- CSS Media Queries
- Overview
- Syntax
- Description
- Accessibility concerns
- Security
- Examples
The @media CSS at-rule can be used to apply part of a style sheet based on the result of one or more media queries. With it, you specify a media query and a block of CSS to apply to the document if and only if the media query matches the device on which the content is being used.
The @media at-rule may be placed at the top level of your code or nested inside any other conditional group at-rule.
For a discussion of media query syntax, please see Using media queries.
Media types
Media types describe the general category of a device. Except when using the not or only logical operators, the media type is optional and the all type is implied. all Suitable for all devices. print Intended for paged material and documents viewed on a screen in print preview mode. (Please see paged media for information about formatting issues that are specific to these formats.) screen Intended primarily for screens.
Media features
Media features describe specific characteristics of the user agent, output device, or environment. Media feature expressions test for their presence or value, and are entirely optional. Each media feature expression must be surrounded by parentheses. any-hover Does any available input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? Added in Media Queries Level 4. any-pointer Is any available input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? Added in Media Queries Level 4. aspect-ratio Width-to-height aspect ratio of the viewport color Number of bits per color component of the output device, or zero if the device isn't color color-gamut Approximate range of colors that are supported by the user agent and output device. Added in Media Queries Level 4. color-index Number of entries in the output device's color lookup table, or zero if the device does not use such a table device-aspect-ratio Deprecated Width-to-height aspect ratio of the output device. Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. device-height Deprecated Height of the rendering surface of the output device. Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. device-width Deprecated Width of the rendering surface of the output device. Deprecated in Media Queries Level 4. display-mode The display mode of the application, as specified in the web app manifest's display member. Defined in the Web App Manifest spec. dynamic-range Combination of brightness, contrast ratio, and color depth that are supported by the user agent and the output device. Added in Media Queries Level 5. forced-colors Detect whether user agent restricts color palette. Added in Media Queries Level 5. grid Does the device use a grid or bitmap screen? height Height of the viewport. hover Does the primary input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? Added in Media Queries Level 4. inverted-colors Is the user agent or underlying OS inverting colors? Added in Media Queries Level 5. monochrome Bits per pixel in the output device's monochrome frame buffer, or zero if the device isn't monochrome. orientation Orientation of the viewport. overflow-block How does the output device handle content that overflows the viewport along the block axis? Added in Media Queries Level 4. overflow-inline Can content that overflows the viewport along the inline axis be scrolled? Added in Media Queries Level 4. pointer Is the primary input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? Added in Media Queries Level 4. prefers-color-scheme Detect if the user prefers a light or dark color scheme. Added in Media Queries Level 5. prefers-contrast Detects if the user has requested the system increase or decrease the amount of contrast between adjacent colors. Added in Media Queries Level 5. prefers-reduced-motion The user prefers less motion on the page. Added in Media Queries Level 5. resolution Pixel density of the output device. scan Whether display output is progressive or interlaced. scripting Detects whether scripting (i.e. JavaScript) is available. Added in Media Queries Level 5. update How frequently the output device can modify the appearance of content. Added in Media Queries Level 4. video-dynamic-range Combination of brightness, contrast ratio, and color depth that are supported by the video plane of user agent and the output device. Added in Media Queries Level 5. width Width of the viewport including width of scrollbar.
Logical operators
The logical operators not, and, only, and or can be used to compose a complex media query. You can also combine multiple media queries into a single rule by separating them with commas. and Used for combining multiple media features together into a single media query, requiring each chained feature to return true for the query to be true. It is also used for joining media features with media types. not Used to negate a media query, returning true if the query would otherwise return false. If present in a comma-separated list of queries, it will only negate the specific query to which it is applied. If you use the not operator, you must also specify a media type. only Applies a style only if an entire query matches. It is useful for preventing older browsers from applying selected styles. When not using only, older browsers would interpret the query screen and (max-width: 500px) as screen, ignoring the remainder of the query, and applying its styles on all screens. If you use the only operator, you must also specify a media type. , (comma) Commas are used to combine multiple media queries into a single rule. Each query in a comma-separated list is treated separately from the others Thus, if any of the queries in a list is true, the entire media statement returns true. In other words, lists behave like a logical or operator. or Equivalent to the , operator. Added in Media Queries Level 4.
To best accommodate people who adjust a site's text size, use ems when you need a for your media queries.
Both em and px are valid units, but em works better if the user changes the browser text size.
Because media queries provide insights into the capabilities—and by extension, the features and design—of the device the user is working with, there is the potential that they could be abused to construct a "fingerprint" which identifies the device, or at least categorizes it to some degree of detail that may be undesirable to users.
Because of this potential, a browser may opt to fudge the returned values in some manner in order to prevent them from being used to precisely identify a computer. A browser might also offer additional measures in this area; for example, if Firefox's "Resist Fingerprinting" setting is enabled, many media queries report default values rather than values representing the actual device state.
Testing for print and screen media types
Introduced in Media Queries Level 4 is a new range syntax that allows for less verbose media queries when testing for any feature accepting a range, as shown in the below examples: For more examples, please see Using media queries.
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Oct 2, 2020 · Learn how to use media queries to modify the appearance and behavior of a website or app based on device, browser or system conditions. Explore media types, features, operators, syntax, nesting, accessibility and more.
Apr 30, 2024 · Media queries are used for the following: To conditionally apply styles with the CSS @media and @import at-rules. To target specific media for the <style>, <link>, <source>, and other HTML elements with the media= or sizes=" attributes. To test and monitor media states using the Window.matchMedia() and EventTarget.addEventListener() methods.
Dec 12, 2023 · The simplest media query syntax looks like this: css. @media media-type and (media-feature-rule) { /* CSS rules go here */ } It consists of: A media type, which tells the browser what kind of media this code is for (e.g. print, or screen). A media expression, which is a rule, or test that must be passed for the contained CSS to be applied.
