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Textbooks PDF (I-XII) Bal Mahabharat Katha. Rationalised Content. (Open) Prelims. (Open) Guide for using QR Code.
- 2.1 Finding out about families
- 2.2 The ideal of patriliny
- Terms for family and kin
- Why kinfolk quarrelled
- 2.3 Rules of marriage
- Types of marriages
- A mother’s advice
- How are children named today? Are these ways of naming similar to or different from those described in this section?
- 2.5 Were mothers important?
- Within and Beyond the Framework of Caste
- 3.1 The “right” occupation
- A divine order?
- “Proper” social roles
- 3.2 Non-Kshatriya kings
- 3.3 Jatis and social mobility
- The case of the merchants
- What the silk weavers did
- 3.4 Beyond the four varnas: Integration
- A tiger-like husband
- 3.5 Beyond the four varnas Subordination and conflict
- Draupadi’s question
- Resources and Status
- 4.1 Gendered access to property
- How could men and women acquire wealth?
- 4.2 Varna and access to property
- The wealthy Shudra
- The poor generous chief
- He (i.e. the patron) doesn’t have the wealth to lavish on others everyday
- If we request him, showing him our ribs thin with hunger, he will go to the
- Ü Discuss...
- A Social Contract
- Historians and the Mahabharata
- 6.1 Language and content
- Draupadi’s marriage
- 7. A Dynamic Text
- Ü Discuss...
- Major Textual Traditions
- Answer in 100-150 words
We often take family life for granted. However, you may have noticed that not all families are identical: they vary in terms of numbers of members, their relationship with one another as well as the kinds of activities they share. Often people belonging to the same family share food and other resources, and live, work and perform rituals together. ...
Can we identify points when kinship relations changed? At one level, the Mahabharata is a story about this. It describes a feud over land and power between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas, who belonged to a single ruling family, that of the Kurus, a lineage dominating one of the janapadas (Chapter 2, Map 1). Ultimately, the con...
Sanskrit texts use the term kula to designate families and jnati for the larger network of kinfolk. The term vamsha is used for lineage. Patriliny means tracing descent from father to son, grandson and so on. Matriliny is the term used when descent is traced through the mother. Source 1 in some situations brothers succeeded one another, sometimes o...
This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura (se...
While sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage, daughters were viewed rather differently within this framework. They had no claims to the resources of the household. At the same time, marrying them into families outside the kin was considered desirable. This system, called exogamy (literally, marrying outside), meant that the live...
Endogamy refers to marriage within a unit – this could be a kin group, caste, or a group living in the same locality. Exogamy refers to marriage outside the unit. Polygyny is the practice of man having several wives. Polyandry is the practice of
The Mahabharata describes how, when war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas became almost inevitable, Gandhari made one last appeal to her eldest son Duryodhana: By making peace you honour your father and me, as well as your well-wishers ... it is the wise man in control of his senses who guards his kingdom. Greed and anger drag a man away from h...
Some of the Satavahana rulers were polygynous (that is, had more than one wife). An examination of the names of women who married Satavahana rulers indicates that many of them had names derived from gotras such as Gotama and Vasistha, their father’s gotras. They evidently retained these names instead of adopting names derived from their husband’s g...
We have seen that Satavahana rulers were identified through metronymics (names derived from that of the mother). Although this may suggest that mothers were important, we need to be cautious before we arrive at any conclusion. In the case of the Satavahanas we know that succession to the throne was generally patrilineal. Fig. 3.4 A battle scene Thi...
You are probably familiar with the term caste, which refers to a set of hierarchically ordered social categories. The ideal order was laid down in the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. Brahmanas claimed that this order, in which they were ranked first, was divinely ordained, while placing groups classified as Shudras and “untouchables” at the very b...
The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras also contained rules about the ideal “occupations” of the four categories or varnas. Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed, and give and receive gifts. Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice, study the Vedas, get ...
To justify their claims, Brahmanas often cited a verse from a hymn in the Rigveda known as the Purusha sukta, describing the sacrifice of Purusha, the primeval man. All the elements of the universe, including the four social categories, were supposed to have emanated from his body: The Brahmana was his mouth, of his arms was made the Kshatriya. His...
Here is a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata: Once Drona, a Brahmana who taught archery to the Kuru princes, was approached by Ekalavya, a forest-dwelling nishada (a hunting community). When Drona, who knew the dharma, refused to have him as his pupil, Ekalavya returned to the forest, prepared an image of Drona out of clay, and treating i...
According to the Shastras, only Kshatriyas could be kings. However, several important ruling lineages probably had different origins. The social background of the Mauryas, who ruled over a large empire, has been hotly debated. While later Buddhist texts suggested they were Kshatriyas, Brahmanical texts described them as being of “low” origin. The S...
These complexities are reflected in another term used in texts to refer to social categories – jati. In Brahmanical theory, jati, like varna, was based on birth. However, while the number of varnas was fixed at four, there was no restriction on the number of jatis. In fact, whenever Brahmanical authorities encountered new groups – for instance, peo...
Sanskrit texts and inscriptions used the term vanik to designate merchants. While trade was defined as an occupation for Vaishyas in the Shastras, a more complex situation is evident in plays such as the Mrichchhakatika written by Shudraka (c. fourth century CE), Here, the hero Charudatta was described as both a Brahmana and a sarthavaha or merchan...
Here is an excerpt from the inscription, which is in Sanskrit: Some are intensely attached to music (so) pleasing to the ear; others, being proud of (the authorship of) a hundred excellent biographies, are conversant with wonderful tales; (others), filled with humility, are absorbed in excellent religious discourses; ... some excel in their own rel...
Given the diversity of the subcontinent, there were, and always have been, populations whose social practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas. When they figure in Sanskrit texts, they are often described as odd, uncivilised, or even animal-like. In some instances, these included forest-dwellers – for whom hunting and gathering remained an ...
This is a summary of a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata: The Pandavas had fled into the forest. They were tired and fell asleep; only Bhima, the second Pandava, renowned for his prowess, was keeping watch. A man-eating rakshasa caught the scent of the Pandavas and sent his sister Hidimba to capture them. She fell in love with Bhima, tra...
While the Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the system, they also developed a sharper social divide by classifying certain social categories as “untouchable”. This rested on a notion that certain activities, especially those connected with the performance of rituals, were sacred and by extension “pure”. Those who considered themselv...
Draupadi is supposed to have asked Yudhisthira whether he had lost himself before staking her. Two contrary opinions were expressed in response to this question. One, that even if Yudhisthira had lost himself earlier, his wife remained under his control, so he could stake her. Two, that an unfree man (as Yudhisthira was when he had lost himself) co...
If you recall the economic relations discussed in Chapter 2, you will realise that slaves, landless agricultural labourers, hunters, fisherfolk, pastoralists, peasants, village headmen, craftspersons, merchants and kings emerged as social actors in different parts of the subcontinent. Their social positions were often shaped by their access to econ...
Consider first a critical episode in the Mahabharata. During the course of the long-drawn rivalry between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, Duryodhana invited Yudhisthira to a game of dice. The latter, who was deceived by his rival, staked his gold, elephants, chariots, slaves, army, treasury, kingdom, the property of his subjects, his brothers and fi...
For men, the Manusmriti declares, there are seven means of acquiring wealth: inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, investment, work, and acceptance of gifts from good people. For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth: what was given in front of the fire (marriage) or the bridal procession, or as a token of affection, and what she got f...
According to the Brahmanical texts, another criterion (apart from gender) for regulating access to wealth was varna. As we saw earlier, the only “occupation” prescribed for Shudras was servitude, while a variety of occupations were listed for men of the first three varnas. If these provisions were actually implemented, the wealthiest men would have...
This story, based on a Buddhist text in Pali known as the Majjhima Nikaya, is part of a dialogue between a king named Avantiputta and a disciple of the Buddha named Kachchana. While it may not be literally true, it reveals Buddhist attitudes towards varna. Avantiputta asked Kachchana what he thought about Brahmanas who held that they were the best ...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families. Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas. Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society d...
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2 days ago · Download NCERT Class 7 Hindi - Mahabharat Book PDF as per the latest CBSE Syllabus at Vedantu. Register & Download NCERT Solutions for Free with CBSE Class 7 Hindi - Mahabharat NCERT Books.
NCERT Book Class 7 Hindi Chapter 1 बाल महाभारत is here. You can read and download Class 7 Hindi Chapter 1 PDF from this page of aglasem.com. बाल महाभारत is one of the many lessons in NCERT Book Class 7 Hindi in the new, updated version of 2023-24.
- बाल महाभारत
- Ch 1
- बाल महाभारत
- Hindi
May 19, 2021 · NCERT Book for Class 7 Hindi Bal Mahabharat Katha is available here for download in PDF format. Read the latest content from this new book to score well in all your school tests and...
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NCERT Class 7 Hindi Mahabharat Textbook PDF Download. NCERT is a Autonomous Organization that provides textbooks for Class 1,Class 2,Class 3,Class 4,Class 5,Class 6,Class 7,Class 8,Class 9,Class 10,Class 11,Class 12 Students.
