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Healthcare Associated Surveillance (HAIS) India project will strengthen the national capacity for surveillance of HAIs, report the magnitude & types of AMR & HAI threats affecting India.
Health-care-associated infections (HAIs) are the infections acquired while patients receive treatment for medical or surgical conditions. HAIs are among the most common complications occurring during the health service delivery, often caused by endemic multidrug-resistant organisms on account of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
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- Overview
- What are symptoms of nosocomial infections?
- What causes nosocomial infections?
- Who is at risk for nosocomial infections?
- How are nosocomial infections diagnosed?
- How are nosocomial infections treated?
- What is the outlook for nosocomial infections?
- Preventing nosocomial infections
- Takeaway
Infections caught in the hospital
A nosocomial infection is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. People now use nosocomial infections interchangeably with the terms health-care associated infections (HAIs) and hospital-acquired infections. For a HAI, the infection must not be present before someone has been under medical care.
One of the most common wards where HAIs occur is the intensive care unit (ICU), where doctors treat serious diseases. About 1 in 10 of the people admitted to a hospital will contract a HAI. They’re also associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs.
As medical care becomes more complex and antibiotic resistance increases, the cases of HAIs will grow. The good news is that HAIs can be prevented in a lot of healthcare situations. Read on to learn more about HAIs and what they may mean for you.
For a HAI, the infection must occur:
•up to 48 hours after hospital admission
•up to 3 days after discharge
•up to 30 days after an operation
•in a healthcare facility when someone was admitted for reasons other than the infection
Symptoms of HAIs will vary by type. The most common types of HAIs are:
Bacteria, fungus, and viruses can cause HAIs. Bacteria alone cause about 90 percent of these cases. Many people have compromised immune systems during their hospital stay, so they’re more likely to contract an infection. Some of the common bacteria that are responsible for HAIs are:
Of the HAIs, P. aeruginosa accounts for 11 percent and has a high mortality and morbidity rate.
Anyone admitted to a healthcare facility is at risk for contracting a HAI. For some bacteria, your risks may also depend on:
•your hospital roommate
•age, especially if you’re more than 70 years old
•how long you’ve been using antibiotics
•whether or not you have a urinary catheter
•prolonged ICU stay
Many doctors can diagnose a HAI by sight and symptoms alone. Inflammation and/or a rash at the site of infection can also be an indication. Infections prior to your stay that become complicated don’t count as HAIs. But you should still tell your doctor if any new symptoms appear during your stay.
You also may be required to talk a blood and urine test as to identify the infection.
Treatments for these infections depend on the infection type. Your doctor will likely recommend antibiotics and bed rest. Also, they’ll remove any foreign devices such as catheters as soon as medically appropriate.
To encourage a natural healing process and prevent dehydration, your doctor will encourage a healthy diet, fluid intake, and rest.
Early detection and treatment are vital for HAIs. Many people are able to make a full recovery with treatment. But people who get HAIs usually spend 2.5 times longer in the hospital.
In some cases, a HAI can seriously increase your risk for life-threatening situations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that around 2 million people contract HAIs. About 100,000 of those cases result in death.
The responsibility of HAI prevention is with the healthcare facility. Hospitals and healthcare staff should follow the recommended guidelines for sterilization and disinfection. Taking steps to prevent HAIs can decrease your risk of contracting them by 70 percent or more. However, due to the nature of healthcare facilities, it’s impossible to eliminate 100 percent of nosocomial infections.
Some general measures for infection control include:
•Screening the ICU to see if people with HIAs need to be isolated.
•Identifying the type of isolation needed, which can help to protect others or reduce chances of further infection.
•Observing hand hygiene, which involves washing hands before and after touching people in the hospital.
•Wearing appropriate gear, including gloves, gowns, and face protection.
Nosocomial infections, or healthcare associated infections occur when a person develops an infection during their time at a healthcare facility. Infections that appear after your hospital stay must meet certain criteria in order for it to qualify as a HAI.
If new symptoms appear within 48 hours of admission, three days after discharge, or 30 days after an operation, talk to your doctor. New inflammation, discharge, or diarrhea could be a symptom of a HAI. Visit the CDC website to see what your state’s healthcare facilities do to prevent HAIs.
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Feb 12, 2023 · Hospital-acquired infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are nosocomially acquired infections that are typically not present or might be incubating at the time of admission.
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